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(1)饮用频率：许多研究表明，饮用饮料的频率与龋失补牙数呈正相关［2］。有学者还发现夜间睡前饮用饮料及其后是否刷牙是龋病的主要危险因子。喜欢夜间饮用饮料的儿童，其口腔内变形链球菌浓度明显高于无此习惯的儿童。
(2)饮用方式：有学者［14］发现用吸管饮用饮料后引起的牙菌斑pH值下降低于直接用杯子饮用，更低于用饮料含漱的方式。他认为这种差异与饮料在牙菌斑上维持的时间和浓度高低有关。但也有学者［20］认为，通过哪种饮用方式并不重要，关键在于饮用的频率、速度，无论是通过吸管饮用，还是用杯子或原装瓶饮用，只要延长饮用时间，将增加饮料的酸蚀危害。
3.个体差异：有学者［21］发现，饮用饮料引起的牙酸蚀在大鼠间存在个体差异，并有性别差异。分析表明：①大鼠的饮水量存在差异；②大鼠的唾液缓冲力存在差异；③菌斑也可能影响牙酸蚀。也有类似研究表明，牙菌斑所含的矿物质降低了饮料对牙齿的酸蚀，牙菌斑减轻了酸性饮料对牙本质的直接作用。
从以上三个方面对饮料的致牙酸蚀及致龋研究进行综述。总之，饮料的消费趋势日渐上升，大多研究表明饮料可引起牙酸蚀和龋病；饮料成分及饮用习惯可影响这种危害；国内对此方面的研究有待开展。
作者单位： 100083 北京医科大学儿童青少年卫生研究所
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