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〔摘要〕 目的:观察人体颞下颌关节盘在拉伸和压缩状态下的超微结构改变,探讨机械应力导致关节盘破坏的有关机理。方法:用扫描电镜观察关节盘不同应变水平(2%、3%、4%、6%)拉伸试件及不同时间(150 s,3 h)围限压缩试件的变化。结果:关节盘在2%~4%应变下结构正常,6%应变产生中、后带局部胶原原纤维横向拉伸剪切破坏。150 s压缩,盘表面波纹尚存;3 h压缩,蛋白多糖大量丢失,胶原网暴露,胶原—蛋白多糖网状支架受压变形不能再复原。结论:关节盘可承受的最大横向拉应变为5%(约0.22 MPa拉应力)。持续长时压缩可造成关节盘内部构筑不可复性改变。推测机械因素可能是导致关节盘破坏的重要病理机理。
Response of the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ)disc to mechanical
stress.I. Scanning electronic microscope investigation
Kang Hong,Yi Xinzhu,Xu Xiaochuan,et al.
College of Stomatology,West China University of Medical Sciences,Chengdu,610041
〔Abstract〕 Objective:To observe the ultrastructural changes of the TMJ disc in response to tension and compression and to study the mechanism of disc failure by mechanical stress.Methods:SEM was used to observe the morphologic feature of TMJ disc samples in stress relaxation at different strain rate (2%,3%,4%and 6%)and in compression for 150 seconds and 3 hours.Results:Tensile and shear destruction of local collagen fibrils was observed in intermediate zone (IZ) and posterior band (PB) in the samples in 6% strain.Changes of wave-like structure in the samples treated with 150 seconds compression were reversible;severe deformation of collagen architecture in those with 3-hours compression was irreversible.Conclusion:The maximal physiological tensile strain of the TMJ disc in mediolateral direction may be 5%(nearly 0.22 MPa of tenlile stress).Long-time compression may result in unrecoverable disc failure. Mechanical stress must be an important factor for disc failure.
Key words Temporomandibular joint;Articular disc;Mechanical stress; Scanning electron microscope
颞下颌关节(temporomandibular joint,TMJ)盘在下颌的各种功能运动中,不断地承受来自各方向的拉伸、压缩、剪切力载荷,其主要作用在于缓冲压力,分散载荷,协调关节窝、关节盘和髁突之间的关系〔1〕。关节盘变形、移位、穿孔等是TMJ内紊乱的特征,但造成盘破坏的机理还不明确。既往研究多认为关节盘是TMJ的被动组成部分,适应功能改变需要的能力很小〔2〕。因而机械因素对关节盘的承载会产生很大影响。近年来拉伸力学和压缩力学方法已成功地应用于TMJ盘生物力学性质的动物实验研究〔3、8〕,但由于人体TMJ盘前后径很小,详细分区并制备前后向拉伸试件困难,本研究参考Teng等〔3〕对家犬关节盘拉伸力学实验的方法,通过横向拉伸试验反映关节盘的拉伸力学性质,用围限压缩实验反映盘的压缩力学特性。通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察考察关节盘在拉伸和压缩状态下的超微结构变化,探讨机械应力造成盘损伤的病理机理。
1 材料和方法
1.1 标本来源
收集4具新鲜尸体的TMJ标本,年龄8~15岁,男3女1例,置密封塑料袋中,-20 ℃冰箱保存待用。
1.2 试件制备
逐渐解冻标本,剖开关节囊,肉眼及体视镜下观察盘表面光滑,无穿孔或增生物。用林格液冲去滑液,取出关节盘,按Teng等采用的方法,在恒冷切片机(Cryostat,USA,-20 ℃)中用特制等距离刀切取等宽2 mm的盘前带(AB)、中带(II)、后带(PB)标本,然后分层切取厚度为200 μm的长方形横向拉伸试件,其中弃去部分前、后带,不规则试件不要。为控制压缩试件所承受的压应力大小(压应力σ=F/Ao,Ao=πD2/4,F为压头总重量,Ao为压头面积),用直径为2 mm、3 mm、4 mm的不锈钢冲头垂直于盘表面切取各带圆柱形压缩力学试件,使实验所选用的压应力值(0.5~2.0 MPa)与Tanne等〔7〕对人体TMJ有限元模型分析所承受的载荷的理论估计值(0.5~1.5 MPa)相近。制备后的试件置-4 ℃冰箱保存,1周内完成实验。
责任编辑:韩晓炜 |